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Showing posts with label study. Show all posts

IBPS PO 2020 Notification Out GYAN KOSH

IBPS PO 2020 Notification Out


IBPS PO 2020 exam will be conducted by Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS) to select eligible candidates to the post of Probationary Officer in public sector banks in India. IBPS PO exam is conducted every year since 2011 and is now happening in 2020 in its 10th edition. The IBPS CRP PO/MT-X 2020-21 is for selection of candidates to the 11 public sector banks.

IBPS provides its services to all Public-Sector Banks (PNB, BOB, etc.), SBI, RBI, NABARD, SIDBI, LIC & Insurance companies and other Banks which are regular members of the IBPS society. In 2011, IBPS started the Common Written Examination (CWE) for recruiting officers and clerks in Indian Bank and accepts online application through its official website. IBPS PO exam is conducted at various locations throughout India and in online mode only. IBPS CRP PO/MT-X Prelims Exam 2020 is scheduled to be held on 3rd, 10th & 11th October 2020 while the IBPS PO Main Examination will be tentatively held on 28th November 2020.

IBPS PO Notification 2020

IBPS PO Notification 2020 PDF has been released by IBPS in the evening of 4th August 2020 to recruit 1417+ posts of Probability Officers (PO). With the release of official notification, IBPS PO 2020 Recruitment has been started. The Official Notification PDF link is mentioned below:

IBPS PO 2020 Official Notification: Download PDF

Major Banks Participating in IBPS PO Recruitment 2020

Let’s take a look at all the banks who have participated in this year for IBPS PO recruitment process:

1. Punjab National Bank
2. Union Bank of India
3. Bank of India
4. Indian Bank
5. Canara Bank
6. Indian Overseas Bank
7. Central Bank of India
8. UCO Bank
9. Bank of Baroda
10. Punjab & Sind Bank
11.Bank of Maharashtra

IBPS PO 2020 Exam Date

IBPS has released IBPS PO 2020 Exam Dates along with its Exam calendar for the year 2020-21. As per the latest calendar of IBPS, the preliminary exam of IBPS PO is scheduled to be conducted on 03.10.2020, 10.10.2020 & 11.10.2020 while the mains exam is scheduled on 28th November 2020. The important dates for IBPS PO /MT CWE X 2020 are as follows:

IBPS PO 2020: Important Dates
EventsDate
IBPS PO 2020 Notification4th August 2020
Online registration Starts From5th August 2020
On-line registration Ends on26th August 2020
The download of call letters for Pre- Exam TrainingSeptember 2020
Conduct of Pre-Exam TrainingSeptember 2020
IBPS PO Preliminary Admit CardOctober 2020
IBPS PO 2020 Preliminary Exam Date3rd, 10th & 11th October 2020
IBPS PO Preliminary Result DateOctober 2020
IBPS PO 2020 Mains Exam Date28th November 2020
IBPS PO Mains Result DateDecember 2020
Conduct of interviewJanuary / February 2020
IBPS PO 2020 Provisional Allotment1st April 2021

IBPS PO Online Application

IBPS has actived the online applicable link for IBPS PO 2020 Exam on 5th August 2020. The last date for online registration (Modification, Online Payment) is 26th August 2020. Candidates are required to click on the link mentioned below to apply for IBPS PO 2020 Exam.

Click Here to Apply Online for IBPS PO 2020 Exam

Eligible and interested Candidates are required to register online for the recruitment process on the official IBPS website, ibps.in. The 3-tiered selection process consists of Preliminary and Main Exams which will be conducted online, followed by Interview. Candidates must pass each exam to get shortlisted and progress to the next stage. Final selection will be based on Mains and Interview merit.

The application for IBPS PO Exam 2020 needs to be done online. To avoid any technical errors please make sure that the web-browser used to fill up the IBPS PO 2020 Application form is one of the following:

• Internet Explorer 8 and above

• Mozilla FireFox 3.0 and above

• Google Chrome 3.0 and above

Candidates applying online must have the following pre-requisites:

• A valid Email Id

• Photograph and Signature scanned in the prescribed size

• Application Fee must be paid online so all document required for online transaction

The IBPS PO 2020 application form can only be filled on the official website.

Before proceeding with the registration and application process, all candidates are requested to go through the complete guide for IBPS PO Online Applicaion.

IBPS PO Application Fee

The category wise fee structure for IBPS PO online application is given below. Fee/Intimation charges once paid will NOT be refunded on any account nor can it be held in reserve for any other examination or selection. The application fee must be paid online itself. To know more check the complete guide for IBPS PO Application

Sr. No.CategoryApplication Fee
1SC/ST/PWDRs.175/- (Intimation Charges only)
2General and OthersRs. 850/- (App. Fee including intimation charges)

IBPS PO 2020 Vacancy

More than 20 lakh aspirants appear for the IBPS Bank PO examination every year. IBPS has introduced 1417 vacancies for IBPS PO 2020-21 Exam along with its official notification. Last year, the total number of vacancies was 4336.

Available Posts for IBPS PO 2020-21: 1417

Available Posts for IBPS PO 2019-20: 4336

Available Posts for IBPS PO 2018-19: 4252

Names of Vacant Positions: Probationary Officers/Management Trainee (PO/MT)

Let's have a look at the Vacancy of IBPO PO 2020 Exam(Bank-wise & Category-wise):

ibps-po-vacancy

IBPS PO Recruitment 2020

Probationary Officers (PO) and Management Trainees (MT) are recruited every year through a Common Written Examination (CWE), commonly known as the IBPS PO exam. The CWE was started in 2011 and is being conducted for the 10th time this year and hence is officially called IBPS PO /MT CWE X 2020.The IBPS PO selection process consists of 3 phases (preliminary, mains and interview) and the candidate must qualify each of them to proceed to the next phase. Mentioned below are the important steps of the IBPS PO Recruitment Process:

•Online Preliminary Examination:

An adequate number of candidates in each category are shortlisted by IBPS depending upon requirements for Online Main Examination

•Online Mains Examination:

Candidates must qualify the sectional as well as overall cutoff in the main exam to be eligible for interview.

•Interview:

Interview will be conducted by the Participating Organizations and coordinated by the Nodal Bank in each State/ UT with the help of IBPS

•Final Result:

The Final result is declared on the basis of candidates combined performance in IBPS PO Mains and Interview Rounds.

•Provisional Allotment:

The provisional allotment of the qualified candidate is released on the official website. The IBPS Banks are allotted based on candidates' preferences which are made at the time of online application.

IBPS plays its part in the selection process only till the provisional allotment to different banks. After that, the responsibility to intimate the qualified candidates about their joining dates and procedure lies with the respective banks.

Public Sector Banking has become an illustrious career option in current times as it comes with the promise of attractive salary, perks, job security, fast growth and good work-life balance. Government of India had set up Personnel Selection Services (PSS) in 1975 for recruitment of probationary officers and clerks to all public-sector banks. PSS was later changed to Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS) in 1984 as per the mandate of Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

IBPS PO Exam Pattern

IBPS introduced separate sectional timing for each sections in preliminary exam. The IBPS PO exam (CWE 10) for hiring candidates will be based on an online written exam in two parts: Tier 1 or IBPS Preliminary Exam and Tier 2 or IBPS Mains Exam. This examination is followed by a face-to-face interview process.

IBPS PO Prelims Exam Pattern

The IBPS PO preliminary examination has a total duration of 1 hour and 20 mintues for each sections, which will be conducted in online mode. It consists of 3 sections with a total of 100 questions and maximum score of 100 marks. There is negative marking in IBPS PO pre exam and 0.25 marks are deducted for each wrong answer. Candidates must clear the cut-off in all 3 sections to qualify for the IBPS PO Main exam. The section-wise details are given below:

S.No.Name of Tests(ObjectiveNo. of QuestionsMaximum MarksDuration
1English Language303020 minutes
2Numerical Ability353520 minutes
3Reasoning Ability353520 minutes
Total100100

Candidates have to qualify in each of the three tests by securing minimum cut-off marks to be decided by IBPS. Adequate number of candidates in each category as decided by IBPS depending upon requirements will be shortlisted for Online Main Examination.

IBPS PO Mains Exam Pattern

The IBPO PO Main exam is also conducted online, it has 5(4+1) sections with a total score of 200+25 marks and total duration of 180+30 minutes. IBPS will be conducting a descriptive paper in its mains exam for selection of candidates to the post of Probationary officer. The sections must be attempted in the same order and the allotted time as mandated at the time of the exam. A candidate has to clear both preliminary and mains examination to be eligible for the interview process.

S.No.Name of Tests(ObjectiveNo. of QuestionsMaximum MarksDuration
1Reasoning & Computer Aptitude456060 minutes
2English Language354040 minutes
3Data Analysis & Interpretation356045 minutes
4General Economy & Banking Awareness404035 minutes
Total1552003 Hours
5English Language (Letter Writing & Essay)22530 minutes


IBPS PO Interview

The candidates who have qualified the mains exam are called for a face to face interview which carries a maximum of 100 marks. The minimum qualifying marks in the interview is 40% (35% for SC/ST/OBC/PWD candidates).

The interview round is generally 15-20 minutes long, where a panel of bank officials ask questions to the candidates about themselves, banking sector, current affairs, general awareness, etc. The candidates must be well dressed, confident and carry all required documents to the interview.

The final merit list is prepared on the basis of marks obtained in mains examination and interview. The final scoreis calculated by IBPS with weightage of marks given to the main examination and interviewin the ratio of 80:20 respectively.

Penalty for Wrong Answers:

There is a penalty for wrong answers marked in the Objective Tests of both Preliminary and Mains exams. A wrong answer to an objective question by the candidate will lead to a penalty of one fourth of the marks assigned to that question. For example, 0.25 marks will be deducted as penalty for wrong answer to a question that carries 1 mark. There will be no penalty for leaving a question blank, i.e. if no answer is marked by the candidate.

Final Score Calculation for IBPS PO Exam:

The final score for the IBPS PO exam is calculated keeping the following points in mind:

• Marks obtained in the Preliminary Exam (Tier-1) will not be considered in the final score and are only for qualifying to Mains Exam (Tier-2).

• Candidates must qualify Phase-2 and Interview separately to be eligible for final merit.

• The weightage (ratio) of CWE Main exam and interview for final merit list will be 80:20 respectively.

• The aggregate score out of 100 is used for the final merit list for each category.Candidates with top merit rank in each category are finally selected.

IBPS PO Syllabus 2020

IBPS exam syllabus is no different from any other bank exam. While IBPS issues only the broad subjects, they can be further subdivided into individual topics, based on the questions that have appeared in the exams over the past few years. The IBPS PO syllabus is divided into two parts:

IBPS PO Prelims Exam Syllabus 2020

This comprises of Reasoning Ability, Quantitative Aptitude and English Language.

ReasoningQuantitative AptitudeEnglish Language
Logical ReasoningSimplificationReading Comprehension
Alphanumeric SeriesProfit & LossCloze Test
Ranking/Direction/Alphabet TestMixtures &AlligationsPara jumbles
Data SufficiencySimple Interest & Compound Interest & Surds & IndicesMultiple Meaning / Error Spotting
Coded InequalitiesWork & TimeFill in the blanks
Seating ArrangementTime & DistanceMiscellaneous
PuzzleMensuration – Cylinder, Cone, SphereParagraph Completion
TabulationData Interpretation
SyllogismRatio & Proportion, Percentage
Blood RelationsNumber Systems
Input OutputSequence & Series
Coding DecodingPermutation, Combination &Probability

IBPS PO Mains Exam Syllabus 2020

This comprises of 5 sections: Reasoning, English Language, Quantitative, Aptitude, General Awareness, Computer Aptitude.


IBPS PO Eligibility Criteria - 2020

Educational Qualification

Graduation Degree: The eligibility criteria for the IBPS CWE exam is as basic as a graduation degree (BA, BCom, BSc, B.Tech or as such) in any discipline from a University recognized by the Government of India. Any such candidate who has received equivalent qualification which is recognized by the Central Government is also eligible to apply for this exam.

The candidates must be in possession of a valid Mark-sheet / Degree Certificate that certifies that they are a graduate on the day they registers for this exam, and must indicate the percentage of marks obtained in Graduation while registering for the IBPS Bank-PO examination.

Computer Literacy: Working knowledge of computer systems is necessary for the job as well as to give the IBPS PO exam which is conducted in online mode.

Language Proficiency: Verbal and written proficiency in official language of the State/UT is desirable. The candidate must be able to read, write and speak the language.

Nationality / Citizenship of Applicants:

A candidate applying for IBPS CWE/Bank PO Examination must be one of the following:

1. Citizen of India

2. Subject of Nepal or Bhutan

3. Tibetan Refugee who came to India before 1st January 1962 with the intention of permanent settlement

4. Person of Indian Origin (PIO) who has migrated from Burma, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam or East African countries of Zaire,Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Ethiopia, Malawi, with the intention of permanent settlement in India

Candidates belonging to the category 2, 3, 4 must have a certificate of eligibility issued by the Govt of India in their favour.

Age Eligibility of candidates applying for IBPS Bank PO Examination (As on 01.08.2020):

Any candidate who is applying for the IBPS CWE examination should not be less than 20 years oldand not more than 30 years old at the time of registration. In addition to this, there isage relaxation applicable to category wise candidates as per the government rules:

CategoryAge Relaxation
Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe (SC/ST)5 years
Other Backward Classes (OBC Non-Creamy Layer)3 years
Persons with Disabilities (PWD)10 years
Ex-Servicemen (Army personnel)5 years
Widows/Divorced Women9 years
Persons with Domicile of Jammu &Kashmir during the period of 1-1-1980 to 31-12-19895 years
Persons affected by 1984 riots5 years
Regular Employees of Union Carbide Factory, Bhopal
retrenched from service(for MP state Only)5 years

IBPS PO Exam Centre

The IBPS PO exam (CWE) is conducted online at numerous centers all over India and the candidate can mention their preferences at the time of filling in the online application. However, if there is non-availability of seats at preferred venues,IBPS may allot an exam centre other than the choices made by acandidate. IBPS is the sole authority on adding or removing an exam center and candidates can’t make requests for change in the exam centre. Any inappropriate behavior at the exam center can lead to cancellation of the candidature.

IBPS PO Pre-Exam Training

The Nodal Banks/ Participating Organizations may arrange pre-examination training for SC/ST/Religious Minority Community candidates at certain centres as per the guidelines issued by Government of India. This is a kind of orientation session where candidates are told about type of questions, common mistakes, tips for time management, best practices, basic tricks and strategies by experts from training institutes. The objective is to provide a level playing field to students from weaker sections who can’t avail coaching and make them aware about commons aspects and recruitment process of the exam.

Candidates belonging to the above-mentioned categories can avail the training by indicating the same against relevant column, while applying on-line.The pre-exam training is free of cost with other expenses like travel, food and lodging to be borne by the candidate. It is usually conducted for five days before the exam andthe dates are announced on the official website. Please find below an indicative list of training centres:

North IndiaSouth IndiaEast IndiaWest India
AgraBengaluruAgartalaAhmedabad
AllahabadChennaiBalasoreAurangabad
AmritsarCoimbatoreBehrampur (Ganjam)Bhopal
BareillyGulbargaBhubaneshwarIndore
ChandigarhHyderabadDhanbadJabalpur
DehradunKavarattiGuwahatiJaipur
GorakhpurKochiHubliJodhpur
JammuMaduraiKolkataMumbai
KanpurMangaloreMuzaffarpurNagpur
KarnalMysorePatnaPanaji (Goa)
LucknowPort BlairRanchiPune
LudhianaPuducherrySambalpurRaipur
New DelhiThiruchirapalliShillongRajkot
PatialaThiruvananthapuramSiliguriVadodara
RohtakVijaywadaTirupati
ShimlaVishakhapatnam
Varanasi

IBPS may add additional centres or remove some depending on need. Candidates opting for pre-examination training should download their call letter for training by entering their registration number and password/ date of birth from Bank's website. Pre-Exam training call letter will not be sent by post.

IBPS PO 2020 Admit Card & Call Letter

Candidates must download the IBPS PO 2020 admit card from the official website of the bank as the hard copy of the IBPS PO Admit Card will not be sent to the candidate via post. To login on the official website, the candidates will require the following:

• Registration No/Roll No

• Date of Birth/ Password

The admit card will be made available 10 to 15 days before the IBPS PO 2020 Exam. The admit card or call letter for IBPS PO 2020 will be issued in 3 phases:

• Online Preliminary Examination

• Online Mains Examination

• Interview


IBPS PO 2020 Result

IBPS will release the results after completion of each Phase of Examination.The Final Merit state wise and category wise List shall be prepared in descending order of the marks secured by the candidates in the Online Main Examination and interview. Candidates who fall within the number of vacancies in the merit list shall be considered for appointment subject to Medical Fitness.

IBPS PO Preparation

IBPS PO preparation must be done in a systematic manner, with latest exam pattern in mind. Since the syllabus covers a lot of topics, it is important to choose the right study material so that you can understand the concepts and practice a wide variety of questions as well.

Previous years' IBPS PO exam left everyone startled with the unexpected pattern. This is the reason we have decided to provide you with the relevant new pattern questions that were asked in the last year banking exams. New pattern questions are simply the application of concepts in a new form. You just need to practice them a lot so that you don't face issue in IBPS PO 2020.

Candidates should go through previous year IBPS questions, so that they have an idea of what to expect in IBPS PO 2020. We are providing you all study notes, quizzes and Video lectures for IBPS PO Exam 2020 with latest Pattern. Follow Bankers Adda to get all Study Materials in New Pattern. Apart from self study you can join any Coaching and Online Test Series for better exam preparation.

IBPS PO Cut off 2020

IBPS PO Pre Exam Cut off 2019-20

The cutoff for IBPS PO Preliminary Exam 2019-20 is shown below for reference:

IBPS PO 2019-20 Prelims Cut-Off Score For General Category:

SubjectsEnglish LanguageQuantitative AptitudeReasoning AbilityTotal
Maximum Score303535100
Cut Off Score
EWS/UR
10.508.7510.2559.75
Cut Off Score
SC/ST/OBC/PWBD
6.505.256.50

IBPS PO Prelims 2019-20 Category-wise Cut-Off

CategoryCut Off Marks
General59.75
OBC59.75
SC53.50
ST46.25
EWS59.75
HI21.25
OC44.50
VI52.25
ID20.75

The Himalayas

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Indian Geography (Part-7)


The Himalayas


The four major parallel mountain ranges are included under the Himalayas. These four mountain ranges are as follows -

  1. Trans Himalaya
  2. Great Himalaya (Highest Himalaya)
  3. Central Himalaya (Lesser Himalaya)
  4. Shivalik Himalaya

 

  1. The Trans Himalayas:-
  • Under the Trans Himalayas north of the Himalayas, there are three mountain ranges in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
    • Karakoram mountain range
    • Ladakh mountain range
    • Zaskar mountain range
  • The Karakoram is the northernmost mountain range of the Trans Himalayas.
  • The Himalayas were formed by sedimentary debris deposited in the Tethys Sea, but the Trans Himalayas were not formed from sedimentary debris in the Tethys Sea, it is part of the Eurasian Plate.
  • The Trans Himalayas was formed before the Himalayas so the Trans Himalayas is a more ancient mountain range than the Himalayas.
  • Due to its height, the Trans Himalayas remain snowy throughout the year, due to which vegetation is not found
  • The Karakoram is the northernmost range not only of the Trans Himalayas but also of India.
  • India's highest mountain peak K2(Godwin Austin)is located on the Karakoram mountain range.
  • Four major glaciers found on the Karakoram mountain range are -
    • Siachen
    • Heter
    • Biafo
    • Baltoro
  • The Karakoram mountain range extends to Tibet in the east and is called the Kailash Range.
  • The Ladakh mountain range is to the south of the Karakoram mountain range. The Ladakh mountain range itself has the Rakaposhi peak. 

NOTE: - Rakaposhi peak is the steepest slope in the world.

  • The Ladakh mountain range lies between two rivers, the Shyokanadi flows to its north and the Indus River to its south. The Shyok River is a tributary of the Indus River itself.
  • The Indus River originates from the Chemayungdung Glacier of the Tibet
  • The Indus River flows north-west from the point of origin between the Ladakh and Zaskar ranges.
  • Leh, the capital of the present Union Territory of Ladakh, is situated on the banks of the Indus River. Leh is situated between the Ladakh and Zaskar mountain ranges.

 

  1. The Great Himalayas:-

 

  • Zaskar mountain range is the south of the Trans Himalayas.
  • The Great Himalayas is also known as the Supreme Himalayas, the Great Himalayas, and the Himadri Himalayas.
  • The great Himalayas are separated from the Trans Himalayas by the Shachar Zone.
  • The Great Himalaya is the highest mountain range of all the Himalayan ranges.
  • The Great Himalayas extend from Nanga Parbat in the west to Namcha Barwa peak in the east.
  • Namcha Barwa mountain range falls under Tibet.
  • The 10 highest peaks of the world fall under the Great Himalayas, out of which the names of the highest peaks are as follows – 
  • Everest
  • Kanchenjunga
  • Makalu
  • Dhaulagiri
  • Annapurna
  • The position of mountain peaks under the Great Himalayas is as follows –
  • Everest - Nepal
  • Kanchenjunga - Sikkim
  • Makalu - Nepal
  • Dhaulagiri - Nepal
  • Annapurna – Nepal

 

  • The Everest is the highest mountain peak in the world, whose height is 8850 m.
  • The highest mountain peak in India is K2 (Godwin Austin), but it is not located on the Himalayas. K2 (8611 m) is the second-highest mountain peak in the world.
  • Kanchenjunga is the highest mountain peak in the Himalayas in India.
  • Namchabarwa, the easternmost mountain peak of the Himalayas, is located in Tibet and Nanga Parbat, the westernmost mountain peak of the Himalayas, is located in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
  • Following is the sequence of mountain ranges from east to west direction of Himalayas –
  1. Namchabarwa
  2. Kanchenjunga
  3. Makalu
  4. Everest
  5. Manaslu
  6. Dhaulagiri
  7. Annapurna
  • Following are the positions of mountain peaks under the Himalayas from east to west direction –
  • Namchabarwa - Tibet
  • Kanchenjunga - Sikkim
  • Makalu - Nepal
  • Everest - Nepal
  • Salu - Nepal
  • Dhaulagiri - Nepal
  • Annapurna – Nepal
  • Important mountain peaks in the Indian state of Uttarakhand – 
  • Comet
  • Nanda Devi
  • Trishul
  • Bnderpuchc
  • Badrinath
  • Everest is called Chomolungma in Tibetan language, it means the queen of mountains.
  • The Two glaciers of Himalayas in Uttarakhand are- 
  • Gangotri
  • Yamunotri
  • Gangotri is the origin of Ganga.
  • Yamunotri is the origin of Yamuna.

  1. The Lesser Himalayas:-
  • The Lesser Himalayas is in the south of the Great Himalayas and extends from the east to the west along with it.
  • Five ranges of Lesser Himalayas are important – 
  1. Pir Panjal mountain range
  2. Duladhar mountain range
  3. Mahabharat mountain range
  4. Nagtibba mountain range
  5. Mussoorie mountain range
  • The following are the positions of important mountain ranges under the Lesser Himalayas -
  1. pir panjal mountain range - Jammu and Kashmir.
  2. Dhauladhar mountain range - Himachal Pradesh
  3. Mahabharata Mountain Range - Nepal
  4. Nagtibba mountain range - Nepal
  5. Mussoorie mountain range - Uttarakhand

  • Plains are found between the Lesser Himalayas and the Great Himalayas, these are called open basins.
  • The westernmost range of the Lesser Himalayas is called Pirpanjal. It is located in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
  • Srinagar is in the north of pir panjal mountain range, Jammu is in South, where Vaishno Devi Temple is located.
  • Banihal Pass is located on the Pirpanjal mountain range, Jawahar Tunnel is located in Banihal Pass. The Banihal Pass connects Jammu to Srinagar.
  • Dal Lake is situated between Pirpanjal and the Great Himalayas.
  • The Dhauladhar mountain range is also called Himachal Himalaya, as it is located entirely in Himachal Pradesh. Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh, is situated on the Dhauladhar mountain range.
  • Mussoorie is in the east of Dhauladhar mountain Range and Nagtibba mountain range and Mahabharat mountain range is in Nepal, which is in the east of Mussoorie.
  • Lesser Himalayas do not remain snowy throughout the year, due to the region of temperate climate, the snow starts melting here.
  • While the Great Himalayas remain snowy throughout the year due to which vegetation is not found there, the lesser Himalayas being a region of temperate climate, temperate soft grasslands are found on the slopes of the Lesser Himalayas.
  • Temperate soft grasslands under the lesser Himalayas are called 'margs' in Jammu and Kashmir, for example - Gulmarg and Sonmarg
  • In Uttarakhand, the temperate soft grasslands, under the lesser Himalayas are known as Bugyal and Payal.
  • Being a region of temperate climate, many healthy tourist destinations have developed on the lesser Himalayas. Following is the description of these tourist places in different states -
  1. Jammu and Kashmir - Gulmarg, Sonmarg
  2. Himachal Pradesh - Shimla, Manali, Dalhousie
  3. Uttarakhand - Mussoorie, Ranikhet, Nainital, Windsor
  • Plain-flat valleys are found between the Great Himalayas and the Lesser Himalayas, these valleys are known locally at different places. Eg -
  1. Jammu and Kashmir - Kashmir Valley
  2. Himachal Pradesh - Kullu-Kangra Valley
  3. Nepal - Kathmandu Valley

 

  1. Shivalik Himalayas:-
  • The Shivalik Himalayas are the newest mountain range of the Himalayas and the lowest elevation area among the other three mountain ranges.
  • The outermost range of the Himalayas is called the Shivalik.
  • The innermost range of the Himalayas is called the Great Himalayas.
  • The independent existence of the Shivalik Himalayan Range is visible only up to the Koshi River, the Shivalik Himalayas to the east of the Koshi River has become closely associated with the lesser Himalayas, as the Himalayan range is extremely narrow in the east.
  • The Koshi river originates in Nepal and enters Bihar and joins the Ganges river.
  • In Arunachal Pradesh, Shivalik is scattered as four distinct from east to west: the names, respectively - Dfla, Miri, Abor and Mishmi |
  • Dafla, Miri, Abor and Mishmi hills are named after the tribes living here.
  • The valleys between the lesser Himalayas and the Shivalik Himalayas are called Doon and Dwar in Uttarakhand. Such as – Dehradun, Haridwar etc.
  • The Himalayas turn to the south and west at the eastern end. The western end is near Indus Gorge and the eastern end is near Dihang Gorge. Dihang is the name of the Brahmaputra river.
  • A valley with steep slopes is called a shaped valley, a gorge or a canyon.
  • In India, anthracite coal deposits are found under the Jaskar hill in Kargil.